Thursday, 27 February 2020

You or No One (part one in the Doggerland Trilogy)


Is the world ready for an openly gay king and his prince consort?
Joel is happy, confident and working class. 
Eric is shy, insecure and a member of one of the oldest aristocratic families in Europe.
When they meet in university sparks fly. 

They say opposites attract, but when Joel discovers that Eric is the crown prince and future king of Doggerland, he starts having doubts.

They want to get married. They think their greatest battle will be convincing the King and the Prime Minister to give their consent. But estranged relatives coming out of the woodwork, intrusive tabloid press, and the traditional, stifling lifestyle of the aristocracy conspire against them. 

Are Joel and Eric secure enough in themselves and each other to overcome a world which is not as tolerant as they thought?


EXCERPT

CHAPTER SEVEN
The King And I

Breakfast was at ten. I’d agreed with Button-eyes that he’d pick me up at half past nine and brief me on regal rules before escorting me to the breakfast room.
At eight o’clock, I was sitting, fully dressed, on the edge of my bed, nervously twiddling my thumbs. I hadn’t slept at all. The butterflies in my stomach had multiplied overnight. Not only was I going to meet my potential in-laws – that would’ve been nerve-racking enough –but I was also going to meet the king and queen of Doggerland. It was still beyond me how I had ended up in this situation!
Tired of not being able to sleep, I got up at seven, showered, shaved, and spent a further hour agonizing about what to wear. I went for the outfit that Eric had bought me in Brighton. The shirt and trousers were a little wrinkled, but I thought I looked presentable enough.
Button-eyes, however, disagreed. As soon as he opened the door and saw me, he frowned and shook his head. 
“No, no, no, this won’t do at all,” he said, without even a good morning or did you sleep well?“You should’ve told me you needed your clothes pressed and ironed. Have you anything else?”
“These are the smartest clothes I’ve got.”
“Well, it won’t do. The queen is very judgmental, and if she sees you like this, she’ll think you’re a slob.”
He walked over to the telephone table, picked up the horn, and barked out an order in his own language. Then he replaced the horn in its cradle and took a watch out of his jacket pocket. “I’ll take you to the laundry room. We’ll find you some decent clothes there.” He looked at his watch and frowned. “But we must be quick about it. Follow me; I’ll explain about royal etiquette on the way.” Putting his watch back in his pocket, he marched out of the room.
“First of all, the king of Doggerland never shakes hands.” Button-eyes strode down the long corridor. I tagged along behind him, struggling to keep up. “When you greet the king and queen, you stand before them with your arms by your sides, you look at their foreheads – not their eyes, but their foreheads – and you nod. You nod until your chin touches your chest. Do you understand? You greet the king first. Then you greet the queen. You do not sit down until the king asks you to. You will call the king and queen your majesty, but do so only once. After that, you can call them sir and ma’am. Don’t leave the room before they do, and never show them your back.”
I followed him into the laundry room, where a woman in a black uniform was waiting for us beside the washing machines.
“This is Ingrid,” Button-eyes said. “She will give you something suitable to wear.”
I stepped towards the woman and smiled. “Hi, Ingrid. I’m Joel. I don’t actually need different clothes. I just need my shirt to be ironed and my trousers to be pressed. I can do it myself if you show me where things are.”
“You need a different outfit, Mr Bottomley.” Button-eyes checked his watch and frowned. “You’re wearing dining clothes. Breakfast is a casual affair. The queen cares about these things. Now, hurry up and take off your clothes. We haven’t much time.”
Ingrid gave me a dark blue turtleneck jumper and a pair of brown corduroy trousers, both a few sizes too big for me.
“Whose clothes are these?” I asked. 
“They’re Eric’s,” Button-eyes said.
“Won’t the queen recognise them?”
“He’s never worn them.”
“They’re too big.”
“They’ll do. Just roll up your sleeves. Ingrid will adjust your trousers.” As he said this, the woman knelt down before me and began rolling in my trouser legs.
I wasn’t at all comfortable with these clothes. The jumper was too baggy. And corduroy? Who still wears corduroy? But I had no say in the matter. As soon as Ingrid finished with my trousers, I followed Button-eyes back down the long corridor towards the breakfast room.
Eric was waiting for me outside, his face pale and tense. He smiled as we approached.
“You look good,” he said, patting me on my shoulder. “Have you been briefed?” He looked at Button-eyes for an answer.
“He has,” was the reply.
“Good. We will go in together, and I will introduce you. The queen is in a bad mood, but don’t let that put you off. She can huff and puff all she wants, but my father is the one in charge, and he is usually quite reasonable. Are you ready?”
I nodded, and we both stepped into the room. It was a large, bright room. The breakfast was laid out on a buffet table, but no one was eating. The king sat in an armchair, a newspaper on his lap. He was in his fifties; a handsome man with a full head of hair, brown and slightly curled, with a dignified sprinkling of grey on his temples. He wore corduroy trousers – like me – a green cardigan, and a gold-and-black-chequered cravat.
 The queen and Petra sat next to each other on a sofa. The queen had a stern face. I could tell that she had been a great beauty in her youth, but time had been unkind to her. The wrinkles around her mouth gave her a permanently sour expression, and her blonde hair, tied tightly into a bun, did nothing to soften her image.
Petra smiled at me. Radiantly. Encouragingly. Both ladies held a steaming mug of tea in their hands while they stared at us.
“Mother…  Father…” Eric’s voice cracked, and he stopped to clear his throat. “This is my friend… my dear friend from Oxford. Joel Bottomley.”
I turned towards the king, placed my arms by my sides as instructed, and nodded slowly. Then I turned towards the queen and did the same.
“Joel is a first year PPE student,” Eric continued. “He has been a great companion to me at Oxford and has helped me out on numerous occasions.”
“Pleased to meet you, Joel,” the king said. “Do sit down.” He pointed at a chair opposite the sofa. I took my seat. Eric sat down next to me.
“Now, Bottomley…” the queen said, looking me up and down. She spoke with a thick German accent. “Are you the grandson of Lady Bottomley?”
I was confused. “Beg your pardon, your majesty?”
“Of Kelston in Somerset?” the queen clarified.
“I’m sorry, ma’am. I don’t know who that is.”
Petra frowned and rolled her eyes. “He’s not related to Lady Bottomley, Mother. You know he’s not. Lady Bottomley doesn’t have any grandchildren.”
“Well, whose child are you, then?”
“You don’t know his family, Mother,” Eric said. “He comes from Wales.”
“Wales? Where in Wales?”
“A village called Tonypandy, ma’am.”
“I’ve never heard of it.”
“Not many people have.” I smiled. I hoped that remark would break the ice, but it didn’t. The queen seemed offended that I had the gall to come from a village she’d never heard of.
“You’re very skinny,” she said, looking me up and down again. “That jumper looks like a potato sack on you.”
Eric’s jaw dropped, and Petra almost choked on her tea. Even the king was forced to raise his eyebrows.
“I had to borrow this jumper, ma’am. My shirt got wrinkled in the suitcase.”
“Who gave you that jumper?”
“It was… um…” I had to be careful. I’d been calling him Button-eyes for so long, I’d almost forgotten his real name. “Mr Boersma. Mr Boersma gave it to me.”
“How long have you known each other?” the king asked.
Eric answered. “Since September.”
“That’s only four months.”
“Yes, but we’ve become good friends during that time.”
There was a pause in the conversation. A long, awkward pause. Eric nervously bounced his knee up and down. The king gently tapped his fingers against his newspaper, and the queen kept playing with the pearls around her neck.
“So…” the queen said, finally. “What is this thing you want to tell us? Why have we been summoned back from Denmark so suddenly?”
“Well…” Eric sat up nervously. “I wanted you to meet Joel.”
“Why?”
“Can’t you guess?”
“Is he ill?”
“Ill?”
“Well, he looks so skinny in that jumper.”
Petra rolled her eyes. “Mother, he already told you that he had to borrow that jumper.”
“Well, what is it then?” The queen frowned with impatience. “Why have we been forced to interrupt our tour?”
Eric took a deep breath and blurted it out. “Joel and I are in love. We want to get married.”
A quiet fell over the room. Eric, Petra, and I kept staring at the king and queen, wondering who would answer first. The king cast his eyes to the ceiling while he thought of a reply, but it was the queen who finally spoke.
“Marry? You want to marry?” She laughed. A fake, bitter laugh. “I thought at first that you were ill. That this friend of yours had given you AIDS or something. That we’d been summoned back from Denmark to help you with that. But it turns out you want to marry.”
“Surely that’s better than getting AIDS,” Petra chipped in, looking as astonished by her mother’s inappropriate remark as I was. But the queen was not amused. 
“You can’t marry a man, Eric. It’s ridiculous!” she said.
“Why can’t I?” Eric protested. “It’s legal, isn’t it?”
“Not for us, Eric! Not for people like us! I’ve had enough of this!” She slammed her tea mug onto the glass coffee table and stood up. “How dare you interrupt our tour for something like this! How dare you!” She stormed out of the room.
Petra called after her. “Mother, stay. Please. Hear him out.” But it was of no use. The queen had gone.
The king finally turned to face Eric. “Your mother is stressed and tired. You know how she gets when she’s on tour.” He didn’t look angry or shocked. He was the complete antithesis to his wife: calm, mild, collected. “Perhaps you should’ve waited with this news until the tour was over.”
“Why should I wait?” Eric protested peevishly. “I’m tired of having to do everything on my own. I want Joel by my side. He gives me strength. He gives me confidence.”
“It was inconsiderate of you to summon us back for this. You’ve only known this boy for a few months.”
“His name is Joel!”
“Sorry, Joel.” Finally, the king turned to face me. “What do you make of all this? You’ve been very quiet.”
“Well… I… I don’t know.” Not the most eloquent answer, I know, but what else could I say? I wasn’t expecting such drama.
“Do you think it’s wise to marry someone you’ve only known for a few months?”
Eric answered before I got the chance.
“I’m not asking to marry him now. I can wait a year. Or two years. I just want to know if it’s possible.”
“That’s not for me to decide, Eric. It’s the prime minister who decides that.”
“Yes, but the prime minister will need your approval first. What I want to know is, will you support me? Will you help persuade the prime minister?”
The king thought about this. “I’m not sure the government will think it’s in the country’s best interest for the crown prince to marry another man.”
“Why not?” It was Petra who asked. She was leaning forward on the sofa, her elbows resting on her knees, preparing herself for a good argument. “It’s the prime minister who legalised same-sex marriage in Doggerland. He made a whole speech about how he wanted everyone to have the same chance of happiness. He can’t turn around now and deny this opportunity to Eric.”
The king looked at his daughter and frowned. “I suppose you’re the one who put him up to this.”
Petra looked indignant. “I did not put him up to this. It was his idea. I’m just supporting him.”
“It’s not about being gay, Eric.” The king leaned in towards his son. “I don’t mind you being gay. Your great uncle was gay. Uncle Dagobert. I don’t know if you remember him. He was in a relationship with a man for nearly forty years. Walter, his name was. Nice chap. The whole family knew about it, and nobody cared. But then Dagobert had a wife, too. Frida. Do you remember great aunt Frida? She knew about Walter when she married him, but she didn’t care. She was happy just to be a countess and to live in a castle. They had separate bedrooms. And she had her lovers. But they lived together. That was the important thing. They were seen together. They attended events together. They went on holidays together.”
“Why are you telling me this?” Eric asked.
“I’m just telling you that it is possible to be gay without breaking from tradition. We are one of the oldest royal families in Europe. We represent stability and continuity. We are not like ordinary people. What would be the point of us if we lived like ordinary people? We’d be redundant.”
“Are you suggesting I have a sham marriage?”
“You can call it a sham marriage, but you can also call it a marriage of convenience.”
“I call it a sham marriage!”
“Come on, Eric. Be reasonable. You can’t marry another man. What will the Church think of this? What will the other royal families think?”
“What the devil do I care what they think!”
“You should care. When you’re king, you will be representing the people of Doggerland. You will be the defender of the Christian faith in these islands. You will be head of this family. What people think of us is important.”
“The reason we’re important, Father,” it was Petra speaking again, “is because we have influence. I think we should use this influence. Imagine how we can help change attitudes towards homosexuality if Eric comes out. And marries his boyfriend. And tours the world with him on diplomatic visits.”
The king frowned. “Eric is not one of your political causes, Petra! He’s your brother.”
“Listen to her, Pa,” Eric said.
“I read a report recently,” Petra continued. “About how the young people of Doggerland perceive the royal family. They see us as pointless. As irrelevant. They don’t understand why we exist. We need to change if we want to survive. Eric and Joel can become gay rights ambassadors at a time when homophobia is rearing its ugly head again. Joel Bottomley could be the best thing that has ever happened to this family.”
They all turned to face me. I think I blushed.
“Has Eric met your parents?”the king asked me.
“My parents?” I felt as if I’d been struck by lightning. Not once, throughout this whole whirlwind, had I given my parents any thought. But the king was right, of course. They’d have to get involved at some point. The very thought of it filled me with terror.
“No, I haven’t,” Eric replied.
“What sort of people are they?”the king asked me.
“What sort of people?” Well, what could I say? I broke out in a sweat. “They’re simple people.”
“What do they do?”
“My mother is a housewife.”
“And your father?”
“He… um. He’s dead.”
Oops! That just came out.
“I didn’t know that,” Eric said. “You never told me.”
“Oh, it was a long time ago.”
“What did he die of?”
“Cancer.”
I felt sweat beads form on my head. My father was an arsehole, but I didn’t wish him dead.
“I’m sorry to hear that,” the king said. “Do you get on well with your mother?”
“Oh, yes. Yes. She’s a wonderful woman.”
“Does she know about you and Eric?”
“Well…” I looked at Eric. “Eric and I decided to keep things secret until we talked to you.”
“Quite right.” The king leaned back in his chair. “Family is very important to me. You’ll need the support of your family if you’re going to join our clan. It’s not easy being a royal.”
Eric sat up in his seat. “Does that mean you accept?”
The king frowned at the interruption and gestured for his son to sit back down. “In the past, of course, the custom was to marry people from other noble families. I myself married a German countess, and, although she is a little temperamental, as you have seen, she has served me well. But nowadays, there aren’t enough royals to go round, so some royal families have had to let in commoners. This hasn’t always gone smoothly. It’s hard to adjust to our lifestyle when you’ve not been brought up in it. It can all go to your head. You can lose yourself in this life. Lose all idea of who you are. Try to become someone you’re not. I don’t know, Joel, if you are strong enough not to let that happen to you.”
“He is,” Eric said, but the king ignored him and continued to stare at me.
“The way you’ve been brought up is key to this. Have you been brought up to be confident, strong, self-assured? Will you be able to retain a positive image of yourself, even when the press does nothing but demonise you and publish lies about you? Will your family be able to cope with your newfound fame? Or will they use your celebrity to profit from it?”
“Joel is strong, Pa. Stronger than me. And he’s honest.”
“Well, I want corroboration of that, Eric. I’d have to meet his family before I can make a decision.” He turned his attention back to me. “If you marry into the royal family, it won’t just be you who’ll be thrust into the media spotlight. Your mother will too. Do you think your mother is strong and courageous enough to face that prospect?”
I gulped. My mother? My poor, anxious, pill-popping mother? She wasn’t even strong and courageous enough to step outside her own house.
“Well… I… um…” I felt a bead of sweat trickle down my neck. “It’s hard to say.”
“I must be sure of that before I can make a decision,” the king said. “I won’t be able to speak to the prime minister until June, so I suggest you speak to your mother and introduce Eric to her in the meantime. Maybe you can invite him over for Easter? And in the summer, you can come and visit us in Doggerland again. And bring your mother.”
Eric looked at me, gleaming with happiness.

I wish I could’ve felt the same, but my God! The thought of my mother meeting the king of Doggerland! This whole thing was turning into a nightmare.




Sunday, 6 January 2019


Ten Books Which Shaped My Reading Life




Book number 1, Animal Farm.

This is the one that started it all for me. I never used to read much before this (except for comic books and books I was forced to read at school). This was part of my brothers’ school reading list, but not mine. I saw the book lying on the dining table one boring Sunday afternoon, picked it up, browsed througn it, and before I knew it, I was hooked. I read the whole book in one sitting. I was utterly engrossed by this story about a group of farm animals who kick out the farmer and take over the running of the farm - an allegory of communism







Book 2, A Clockwork Orange

I read this in my late teens, long before I even knew the film existed (I hated the film at first, because it was so different from what I had pictured in my head, although I came to appreciate it later on). I was particularly impressed by the way the author had created a whole new youth subculture with its own jargon, and how he had managed to depict a protagonist who was likeable despite being violent, psychopatic, arrogant and deeply unpleasant. This marked the beginning of my love affair with anti-heroes.

Book 3, The Brothers Karamazov

This book is described in Wikipedia as a passionate philosophical novel set in 19th-century Russia, that enters deeply into the ethical debates of God, free will, and morality. Heavy reading, but that’s what I was into at the time. This was in the nineties, when Eastern Europe was opening its borders and Russia, once a secretive and mysterious country behind the iron curtain, now became accessible. I was obsessed with Russia at the time. I even started taking Russian lessons. I had read Crime and Punishment before and thought no book could top that. But then I read Karamazov, which had everything the previous book had, but so much more. This is probably the best book I’ve ever read, although I’m not sure I’d have the patience to read it again, now that I am older and more mellow.


Book 4, The Woman in White.

I bought this back in the day when the only cheap books around were Wandsworth and Penguin Classics. You could often get five books for three pounds. It wasn’t the sort of book I’d normally go for, It looked a bit too melodramatic for my liking, but there wasn’t much choice, so I got it anyway. I was surprised at just how suspenseful this book was. I was on the edge of my seat reading it. It is Hitchcockian before its time! The book also changed my life in a different way. It sparked my interest for Victorian gothic and served as the main inspiration for my play "Death Takes a Lover", which has subsequently been turned into a novella and launched the D.S.Billings Victorian Mysteries.



Book 5 , The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.
Read this in my thirties when I finally tired of reading heavy classics. I remembered seeing episodes of the tv series in the 80’s and thought Iˆd give it a try, as the box set was on special offer at HMV. I think I read the whole series in less than a week. I’ve been looking ever since for something which is similarly fantastical, funny, witty and poignant, but haven’t found it yet. I’ve tried other works by Douglas Adams, but didn’t like them. I’ve also tried Terry Pratchett, but that didn’t do it for me either. If anyone has any suggestions, let me know.



Book 6, Flatland

Published in 1884, this is a book about maths, geometry and dimensions. Three subjects I thought would be of absolutely no interest to me, but I couldn’t have been more wrong. This book opened my eyes. It was meant to comment on the hierarchy of Victorian culture, but the most fascinating part is its examination of dimensions and the tantalising prospect of how we might experience a creature of four or more spacial dimensions appearing in our lives. I’m making this book sound much more complicated than it really is. Suffice to say that this novella sparked my interest in physics and is solely to be blamed for all the you tube documentaries I keep watching (when I should be writing) about quantum physics, entanglement, multiverses and the like (none of which I really understand, but they fascinate me anyway


Book 7, The Blind Assassin
This is the one where there is a novel within a novel within a novel. Three books for the price of one! I love the way in which the author strings three seemingly unrelated story strands together to shed light on one woman’s extraordinary life - I was inspired to do something similar with The Ornamental Hermit. I’ve been meaning to read more of Margaret Atwood, especially after seeing the brilliant adaptation of Alias Grace on Netflix.


Book 8, Wuthering Heights

Kate Bush picqued my interest in this book in the 1980’s, buit I didn’t get round to reading it until the noughties. I had seen some film and tv adaptations of this, but didn’t understand what the fuss was about. That’s because there is a tendency in film and tv to make period movies look pretty, and there is nothing pretty about this novel. It is as bleak and savage as the Yorkshire Moors on which it is set. It was a controversial book when it was published in 1847. It was described by the poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti as "A fiend of a book – an incredible monster. The action is laid in hell, – only it seems places and people have English names there." This book was fresh in my mind when I wrote Death Takes a Lover and I hope it shows.


Book 9, The Complete History of Jack The Ripper

When I decided to write a series of Victorian detective novels, this was among the first books I read as part of my research. It gives a very good impression of what police procedure was like at the time, but what most impressed me - and the reason why I am listing this as one of the ten books which marked my reading life - is its depiction of the lives of the Ripper victims. These tragic women are often ignored in other Ripper books. If you think of Victorian times as an era of demure women with pretty dresses, and handsome well spoken gentlemen with top hats, then you are wrong. For the poor and destitutre, life in Victorian times was one long hell. This book conveyed the griminess and depravity of every day life in the nineteenth century much better than any piece of fiction (barring perhaps some of Dickens’s novels). There are many non fiction books about Jack the Ripper, but this is definitely the most thorough and complete.


Book 10, The Secret Agent

This is the last book I read which really impressed me. Inspired by the mysterious death of French anarchist, Martial Bourdin, who died gruesomely in Greenwich Park when the explosives he carried detonated prematurely, this is a fictional account of what might have led to this strange tragedy. It is a taut, suspenseful and heartbreaking story. It also educated me about anarchist terrorism - a very serious problem which engulfed Europe and North America at the turn of the century. You don’t hear much about anarchism these days, even though a lot of parallels could be drawn with Islamic terrorism. As you might know, my current work in progress deals with anarchists, which explains why this book was at the forefront of my mind when I compiled the list.

Wednesday, 5 December 2018

Redressing the Balance or Why I Wrote Gay Noir




I have always been attracted to the 1940’s and 50’s. I’m not sure why that is. Perhaps it’s the way people dressed. Men in sharp suits and fedora hats, women in tight dresses and crazy hats. Or maybe it is because the world was still unspoiled; no traffic jams, no plastic waste. The world was bigger then, and more glamorous.

I love watching old films and reading books of that era. Noir books, in particular.  They bring me into a sexy world of tough, fast-talking detectives and seductive, double-crossing dames. An exciting world of smugglers, gangsters and spies. I particularly like how dark and twisted the stories are. There are no straight, honest heroes in noir fiction. The characters are cynical, morally skewed and flawed, which makes a refreshing change to the predictability of character and plot arcs of other genres.

Another thing I like about this genre is that, at a time  when gay characters were largely absent from fiction, noir was the only genre which acknowledged their existence. Of course, the gay characters in it were usually the villains. They were portrayed as cowardly, or untrustworthy or narcissistic. But what if I redressed the balance? What if we had an exciting, fast-paced thriller, set in the glamorous 40’s and 50’s, filled with intrigue and suspense, where the hero just happened to be gay?  Instead of a femme fatale, there’d be an homme fatal, perhaps. Or a tough, wise-cracking P.I . in a slick suit with an eye for handsome men, rather than glamorous showgirls.

It was this notion which led me to write  Gay Noir. Inspired by the pulp fiction novels of the 1940's and 50's, the novellas in this anthology emulate the dark, thrilling, sensational and taboo breaking stories of the post war era and gives them a gay twist. 

Buy ebook here
Buy paperback here 


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Sunday, 30 October 2016

A Brief History of Penny Dreadfuls


In the 1830s, increasing literacy and improving technology saw a boom in cheap fiction for the working classes. ‘Penny bloods’ was the original name for the booklets that, in the 1860s, were renamed penny dreadfuls and told stories of adventure, initially of pirates and highwaymen, later concentrating on crime and detection.



The first ever penny dreadful published was 'Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads, &c.' It was  published in 1836 in 60 issues. 

Highwaymen remained a favourite topic for Penny Dreadfuls as publications such as  Gentleman Jack, Black Bess; or, The Knight of the Road, went to show.

The illustrations in these kind of publications were an essential element, particulary when it came to marketing. One regular reader was quoted as saying: ‘You see’s an engraving of a man hung up, burning over a fire, and some…go mad if they couldn’t learn what he’d been doing, who he was, and all about him.’ 

It was hardly surprising, therefore, that one publisher’s standing instruction to his illustrators was, ‘more blood – much more blood!’




The most successful penny-dreadful the world has ever seen was Mysteries of London by G W M Reynolds which first appeared in 1844. 

He based the series on a French book, but it soon took on a life of its own, spanning 12 years, 624 numbers and nearly 4.5 million words . Instead of highwaymen, this series was much closer its readers’ own lives, contrasting the dreadful world of the slums with the decadent life of the careless rich.



After highwaymen and then evil aristocrats fell out of fashion, penny-bloods found even more success with stories of true crimes, especially murders. And if there were no good real-life crimes current, then the bloods invented them. The most successful of them was the story of Sweeney Todd. The ‘Demon Barber’ first appeared in a blood entitled The String of Pearls, which began publication in 1846. Even before it reached its conclusion, it was adapted for the stage, setting the murderous barber, who killed his clients for his neighbour Mrs Lovett to bake into meat-pies, on the road to world fame.


After concentrating first on highwaymen and then on true crime,  it was the pursuers, not the murderers, who took centre-stage in penny dreadful publications.

 In 1865, a 70-part penny dreadful, The Boy Detective, or, The Crimes of London, appeared, with its hero, Ernest Keen, who runs away from home and works for a police inspector, ‘so cleverly that the fly coves called him the BOY DETECTIVE!’

Penny-bloods had originally had a broad readership, but in the 1860s the focus narrowed, and children became the main target. There were dozens of titles – The Wild Boys of London (1864–66), The Poor Boys of London (c.1866), even The Work Girls of London (1865).

This article was copied and pasted from: https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/penny-dreadfuls